19 October 2023 · Journal publication date
Lance Storm & Patrizio Tressoldi
Journal of Scientific Exploration · Meta-analysis
This update examines ESP experiments in which participants choose from defined targets, such as symbols or pictures. The authors report a small positive pooled effect.
Method
The analysis separates hit-rate experiments from reaction-time studies before combining the updated evidence into a 141-study dataset. Telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition protocols are compared.
What to keep in mind
A statistically detectable pooled effect can be very small. Interpretation requires attention to study selection, experimental controls and the distinction between reaction times and correct target choices. This is separate from the library’s free-response ESP review.
Original paper & source
Read the original source record →
DOI: 10.31275/20232967
Journal abstract and publication record reviewed; underlying experiments not individually re-audited. UKPX reference added and checked 7 November 2026. The date above belongs to the paper.