27 March 2025 · First online (indexed publication record)
Marcelo Gulão Pimentel, Klaus Chaves Alberto, Alexander Moreira-Almeida
History of psychiatry · History of psychical research
A historical study revisits Allan Kardec’s investigations of mediumship and the competing explanations he considered, from fraud and unconscious processes to discarnate minds.
Method and scope
The article presents a short biography and an account of Kardec’s early methods and hypotheses.
What to keep in mind
Historical reconstruction explains how a research programme developed. It does not independently validate the nineteenth-century phenomena under discussion.
Original paper & source
Read the original source record →
DOI: 10.1177/0957154×251316107
Indexed original abstract, citation and linked publication-status metadata reviewed through Europe PMC; full text not assessed. UKPX reference added and checked 7 November 2026. The date above belongs to the paper.